What are common clinical presentations of scleroderma?

Thickening of the skin and Raynaud phenomenon are hallmark features of scleroderma, also known as systemic sclerosis. The thickening of the skin, or skin fibrosis, occurs due to excessive collagen deposition, leading to a characteristic tight, shiny appearance, particularly on the fingers and face. This occurs as part of the autoimmune process affecting connective tissues.

Raynaud phenomenon is a vascular condition often associated with scleroderma and involves episodes of reduced blood flow to extremities – usually triggered by cold temperatures or stress. During these episodes, patients may experience color changes in their fingers or toes, shifting from white to blue to red as blood flow returns. This phenomenon often precedes other symptoms of scleroderma and can be one of the first signs that the disease is developing.

Joint swelling and severe pain, while they can occur in the context of scleroderma, are not classic or defining characteristics. Skin rashes and itchiness are more associated with other dermatological conditions, such as eczema or psoriasis, rather than scleroderma. Fever and weight loss are general symptoms that can accompany various diseases, including infections and malignancies, but are not specific to scleroderma. Thus, option B accurately captures the essential clinical manifestations