What disease involves oversecretion of aldosterone?

The disease that involves oversecretion of aldosterone is primary hyperaldosteronism, also known as Conn's syndrome. This condition is characterized by an abnormal increase in aldosterone production, which typically arises from an adrenal tumor or hyperplasia. Aldosterone plays a key role in regulating blood pressure by promoting sodium retention, increasing potassium excretion, and enhancing water retention, which can lead to hypertension and electrolyte imbalances.

In primary hyperaldosteronism, the excessive levels of aldosterone create a distinct clinical picture, including hypertension resistant to treatment and low plasma renin activity due to the feedback mechanisms from the high aldosterone levels. This disease can often go undiagnosed for long periods because its symptoms, like hypertension, can develop gradually and may be attributed to other causes.

The other conditions mentioned differ fundamentally in their physiological effects and underlying mechanisms. Diabetes mellitus is primarily related to insulin production and glucose metabolism, while secondary hyperaldosteronism usually occurs due to other physiological conditions that stimulate aldosterone secretion, like renal artery stenosis. Cushing's syndrome involves excess cortisol, which can cause some overlap in symptoms like hypertension but is distinct from the direct effects of excess aldosterone.