What murmur is associated with increased flow across the pulmonary valve?

A mid-systolic ejection murmur is typically associated with increased blood flow across the pulmonary valve. This type of murmur occurs during the ejection phase of ventricular systole, when the pressure gradient between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery is at its peak. Increased flow across the pulmonary valve can occur in conditions such as exercise, anemia, or certain heart diseases that lead to increased right ventricular output.

The characteristics of a mid-systolic murmur include its location, timing, and quality, being heard best at the left second intercostal space, and it often has a "crescendo-decrescendo" pattern. This distinguishes it from other types of murmurs that signify different underlying cardiac conditions.

In contrast, a late systolic murmur typically indicates mitral valve prolapse or similar conditions and occurs closer to the end of systole. A holosystolic murmur indicates a regurgitant flow, such as in mitral or tricuspid regurgitation, which is sustained throughout the entire duration of systole. A diastolic murmur is associated with abnormalities in the filling phase of the heart, such as aortic or pulmonary regurgitation. Each of these murmurs reflects different path